Creativity is both a combination of elements into a new way and a transplantation of these new combinations into previously unrelated materials. The criterion of connectedness states that creativity deals laargely with relational structures; it implies a fusion of elements into these new structures rather than a mechanical arranging of them; it means that connections are actually produced and are not found.

The Criterion of Originality. Empirical observations identify this quality as being essential to the products which have emerged from the creative process. Logically, it requires the category of singularity as a principle of explanation, though the psychologist may prefer the term "individuality."

Four qualities of this condition are: novelty, unpredictability, uniqueness and surprise. These qualities refer to the same fundamental characteristic of originality but from the frames of reference of philosophy, science, art and psychology respectively. Logically speaking, these qualities of originality define what it m eant by a class of objects as well as by a singular item.

Novelty means newness, freshness, inventiveness; it is universally recognized by writers in the field as an indispensable quality of orignality. Creativity is the fusion of perceptions in a new way, the capacity to find new connections, the emergence of novel relationships, the occurrence of a compsition which is new, the disposition to make and recognize innovations, an action of mind that produces new organizations, the presentation of new constellations of meanings.

Originality means unpredictability. It refers to the relationship of the created object to other states of affairs in the real world and asserts that creativeness uncouples such objects from causal connections. It asserts the incompatibility of creativity and the causality theory. Creativity produces qualities which never existed before and which could never have been predicted on the basis of prior configurations of events.

Originality means uniqueness. It asserts that every instance of creativity differs from every other instance, that products which are original have no precedents. Original creations are incomparable, for there is no class of objects to which they can be compared.

Originality as a surprise refers to the psychological effect of novel combinations upon the beholder. Surprise serves as the final test of originality, for without the shock of recognition which registers the novel experience, there would be no occasion for individuals to be moved to appreciate or to produce creative works.

The Criterion of Non-rationality. There are certain unconscious mental processes responsible for the metaphoric function of fusing images into new creations. Logically, this criterion depends upon a category of causality as a principle of explanation. The psychological explanation of this process includes references to the primary processes, to mobile rather than bound energy, to various stages of creativity, to psychological levels of creativity or the types of mental processes.

This criterion describes the metaphoric, symbolizing processes which produce new connections. It is non-rational because the combination activity occurs in the form of unconscious operations; it does not belong to the rational mind, nor is it consciously controlled. Non-rationality is not merely a condition of novelty; it is a cause. It is the very nature of unconscious (or pre-conscious) levels of the mind to function metaphorically.